Top 25 Motto's

சிறந்த 25 பொன்மொழிகள்!

1. அதிகம் பேசாதவனை உலகம் அதிகம் விரும்புகிறது. அளந்து பேசுபவனை அதிகம் மதிக்கிறது. அதிகம் செயல்படுபவனையே கைகூப்பித் தொழுகிறது.

 2. கற்ற அறிவையும், பெற்ற செல்வத்தையும் இறுதிக் காலம் வரை மற்றவர்களுக்காகச் செலவிடுங்கள்.

3. ந‌ம்மு‌ட‌ன் வா‌ழ்வோரை‌ப் பு‌ரி‌ந்து கொ‌ள்வத‌ற்கு ந‌ம்மை முத‌லி‌ல் பு‌ரி‌ந்து கொ‌ள்ள வே‌ண்டு‌ம். 

  

4. ந‌ம்‌பி‌க்கை குறையு‌ம் போது ஒ‌வ்வொரு ம‌னிதனு‌ம் நெ‌றிய‌ற்ற கொ‌ள்கையை மே‌ற்கொ‌ள்‌கிறா‌ன்.

5. சலித்துக் கொள்பவன் ஒவ்வொரு வாய்ப்பிலும் உள்ள ஆபத்தைப் பார்க்கிறான். சாதிப்பவன் ஒவ்வொரு ஆபத்திலும் உள்ள வாய்ப்பினைப் பார்க்கிறான்.

6. ம‌கி‌ழ்‌ச்‌சி எ‌ன்ற உண‌ர்‌ச்‌சி ம‌ட்டு‌ம் இ‌ல்லா‌‌வி‌ட்டா‌ல் வா‌ழ்‌க்கை எ‌ன்பது சும‌க்க முடியாத பெ‌ரிய சுமையா‌கி‌யிரு‌க்கு‌ம்.

7. உலகம் ஒரு விசித்திரமான கல்லூரி. இங்கே பாடம் சொல்லிக்கொடுத்துத் தேர்வு வைப்பது இல்லை. தேர்வு வைத்த பிறகே பாடம் கற்பிக்கப்படுகிறது.

8. சிக்கனம் என்பது ஒருவன் பணத்தை எவ்வளவு குறைவாகச் செலவு செய்கிறான் என்பதைப் பொறுத்தது அல்ல. அதை அவன் எவ்வளவு உபயோகமாகச் செலவிடுகிறான் என்பதைப் பொறுத்தது ஆகும்.

9. எதை இழந்தீர்கள் என்பதல்ல முக்கியம், என்ன மிச்சம் இருக்கிறது என்பதே முக்கியம்.

10. அரிய சாதனைகள் அனைத்தும் வலிமையினால் செய்யப்பட்டவை அல்ல; விடாமுயற்சியினால் தான். 

11. முன்நோக்கி செல்லும் போது கனிவாயிரு. ஒருவேளை பின்நோக்கி வரநேரிட்டால் யாராவது உதவுவார்கள்.

12. ரகசியத்தை வெளிப்படுத்தியவனுக்கும், துக்கத்தை வெளிப்படுத்தாதவனுக்கும் மனதில் நிம்மதி இருக்காது.

13. எல்லோரையும் நம்புவது அபாயகரமானது. ஒருவரையும் நம்பாமல் இருப்பது இன்னும் அபாயகரமானது.

14. எல்லாத் துன்பங்களுக்கும் இரண்டு மருந்துகள் உள்ளன. ஒன்று காலம், இன்னொன்று மெளனம். 

15. எல்லோரும் தம்மை விட்டு விட்டு வேறுயாரையோ சீர்திருத்த முயலுகிறார்கள்.

16. ஆசையில்லாத முயற்சியால் பயனில்லை. முயற்சியில்லாத ஆசையால் பயனில்லை. 

17. செயல் புரியாத மனிதனுக்கு தெய்வம் ஒருபோதும் உதவி செய்யாது.

18. சண்டைக்குப் பின் வரும் சமாதானத்தைவிட, என்றும் சண்டையே இல்லாத சமாதானம்தான். வேண்டும்.

19. நேற்றைய பொழுதும் நிஜமில்லை; நாளைய பொழுதும் நிச்சயமில்லை; இன்றைக்கு மட்டுமே நம் கையில்.

20. மகிழ்ச்சியாய் நீ வீணாக்கிய தருணங்களெல்லாம் வீணானவையல்ல.

21. பழமையைப் பற்றி ஒன்றுமே தெரியாமல் புதுமையைச் சிறப்பாகப் படைக்க முடியாது.

22. வாசிப்புப் பழக்கம் என்பது அருமையான ருசி, அழகான பசி. ஒரு முறை சுவைக்கப் பழகிவிட்டால் அது தொடர்ந்து வரும்.

23. நீங்க‌ள் விரும்புவ‌து ஒருவேளை உங்க‌ளுக்கு கிடைக்காம‌ல் போக‌லாம். ஆனால் உங்க‌ளுக்கு த‌குதியான‌து உங்க‌ளுக்கு க‌ண்டிப்பாக‌ கிடைத்தே தீரும்.

24. அறிவு ஒன்றுதான் அச்சத்தை முறிக்கும் அரிய மருந்து. அறிவை வளர்த்துக் கொண்டால் எல்லாவிதமான பயங்களும் அகன்றுவிடும்.

25. தவறு நேர்ந்து விடுமோ என்று அஞ்சி அஞ்சி எந்த செயலையும் செய்யாமல் பின் வாங்குவது இழிவானது. 

PMOLED vs AMOLED

Introduction:-

OLED is a new technology for thin, efficient and bright displays. There are two types of OLEDs: Passive-Matrix (PMOLED) and Active-Matrix (AMOLED).

OLED is a new technology that can make thin, efficient and bright displays. OLEDs are made from organic light-emitting materials, and do not require any backlight and filtering systems that are used in LCDs. 

                             Samsung Galaxy S (AMOLED)

There are two types of OLED displays - PMOLED and AMOLED. The difference is in the driving electronics - it can be either Passive Matrix (PM) or Active Matrix (AM).

                                   A PMOLED MP3 player

A PMOLED display uses a simple control scheme in which you control each row (or line) in the display sequentially (one at a time). PMOLED electronics do not contain a storage capacitor and so the pixels in each line are actually off most of the time.

To compensate for this you need to use more voltage to make them brighter. If you have 10 lines, for example, you have to make the one line that is on 10 times as bright (the real number is less then 10, but that's the general idea).

So while PMOLEDs are easy (and cheap) to fabricate, they are not efficient and the OLED materials suffer from lower lifetime (due to the high voltage needed). PMOLED displays are also restricted in resolution and size (the more lines you have, the more voltage you have to use). PMOLED displays are usually small (up to 3" typically) and are used to display character data or small icons: they are being used in MP3 players, mobile phone sub displays, etc.

An AMOLED (Active-Matrix OLED) is driven by a TFT which contains a storage capacitor that maintains the line pixel states, and so enables large size (and large resolution) displays. AMOLEDs can be made much larger than PMOLED and have no restriction on size or resolution.

The first OLED products in the market used PMOLEDs - these were MP3 players, sub-displays on cellphones and radio decks for automobiles. The displays were small and usually with just one or two colors. When AMOLED panels started to emerge in 2007 and 2008 we have seen these larger displays in mobile video players, digital cameras, mobile phones main displays and even OLED TV sets.

                        LG AMOLED TV prototype

Today there are several companies that are working on technologies that actually close the gap between PMOLEDs and AMOLEDs - offering a sort of hybrid system. The promise is that these displays will be both easy to make and allow power efficient larger displays. We still have to wait and see whether these technologies actually work on commercial displays.

AMOLED

OLED displays are made from organic (carbon based) materials that emit light when electricity is applied. OLEDs can be used to create displays - and these are bright and efficient with a fast response time and a wide viewing angle. OLED display can be made very thin (the thinnest prototype is 50 microns...) and even transparent or flexible. The possibilities are almost endless...

                     Samsung Transparent AMOLED prototype

The term AMOLED means Active-Matrix OLED. The 'active-matrix' part refers to the driving electronics, or the TFT layer. When you display an image, you actually display it line by line (sequentially) as you can only change one line at a time. An AMOLED uses a TFT which contains a storage capacitor which maintains the line pixel states, and so enables large size (and large resolution) displays

A PMOLED uses a simpler kind of driver electronics - without a storage capacitor. This means that each line is turned off when you move to the next line. So let's say you have 10 rows in your display - each row will only be on 1/10 of the time.

 The brightness of each row has to be 10 times the brightness you'd get in an AMOLED. So you use more voltage which shortens the lifetime of the OLED materials and also results in a less efficient display. So while PMOLEDs are cheaper to make than AMOLEDs they are limited in size and resolution (the largest PMOLED is only 5", and most of them are around 1" to 3"). Most PMOLEDs are used for character display, and not to show photos or videos.

                                 OSD 2 color 0.96-inch PMOLED

These terms relate to the driving method of the OLED display. A PMOLED (Passive-Matrix OLED) is limited in size and resolution, but is cheaper and easier to make than an AMOLED (which uses an Active-Matrix). An AMOLED uses an active-matrix TFT array and storage capacitors. While these displays are more efficient and can be made large, they are also more complicated to make.

PMOLED displays are used in mp3 players or secondary displays on cell phones while AMOLEDs are used in Smartphone displays, digital cameras and TVs.

Samsung is the clear leader in AMOLED production. Samsung are actually using the term AMOLED to brand these kinds of displays. Samsung is making 2" to 5" panels today, used in many mobile phones, digital cameras and other mobile devices. Samsung is also showing prototypes of larger (14" up to 42") AMOLED panels, but these aren't produced yet.

                                            Samsung Galaxy S

Samsung's Super-AMOLED displays are AMOLED displays with an integrated touch function. Samsung has placed a touch-sensor (on-cell) over the display and made it evaporate. The thickness of the touch sensor is just 0.001mm and this allows the screen to provide better images and to have great visibility even in direct sunlight. Super-AMOLEDs also have better lifetime than regular AMOLED and are very responsive to touch. In January 2011 Samsung announced the 2nd-generation Super AMOLED Plus displays which offer more sub-pixels (they no longer use the PenTile matrix) and are also thinner, brighter and more efficient (by 18%) than the old Super AMOLED displays.

All OLED TV panels will actually be AMOLED TVs... Sony has been the first to make such a TV, the XEL-1 (back in 2007). Since then they have stopped production and marketing in Japan. The AMOLED TV was more of a technology demo than anything else. Even though it costs around $2500 for a 11" display, they were losing money on each set.

                                                   Sony XEL-1

LG are the second company to introduce an AMOLED TV, the EL9500 which is a 15" TV that is also very expensive at $2500, and currently sold only in Korea and Europe

                                              LG 15-inch OLED TVs

OLED technology

OLEDs are made from organic (carbon based) materials that emit light when electricity is applied. Because OLEDs do not require a backlight and filters (unlike LCD displays), they are more efficient, simpler to make, and much thinner. OLEDs have a great picture quality - brilliant colors, fast response rate and a wide viewing angle.

LG 15-inch OLED prototype

OLEDs can also be used to make OLED Lighting - thin, efficient and without any bad metals.

OLLA White Light Prototype

OLED materials have been discovered back in 1960, but only in the past 20 years or so have researchers started to actually work on the technology.

The basic structure of an OLED is a cathode (which injects electrons), an emissive layer and an anode (which removes electrons). Modern OLED devices use many more layers in order to make them more efficient, but the basic functionality remains the same.

Making an OLED involves several steps: taking a substrate, cleaning it, making the backplane (the switching and driving circuitry), depositing and patterning the organic layers and finally encapsulation the whole thing to prevent dust, oxygen and moisture damage.

There are several ways to deposit and pattern the organic layers. Currently all OLED displays are made using vacuum evaporation, using a Shadow Mask (FMM, Fine Metal Mask) to pattern. This is a relatively simple method but it is inefficient and very difficult to scale up to large substrates. There are several alternatives for next-gen deposition techniques, including laser annealing and inkjet printing. These methods will be scalable and more efficient than vacuum deposition.

There are several types of OLED materials. The most basic division is between small-molecule OLEDs and large molecule ones (called Polymer OLEDs, or P-OLEDs). Almost all OLEDs made today are SM-OLED based. These materials are evaporable and far more advanced than P-OLEDs. P-OLEDs had great promise and are solution processable (and so can be used in InkJet printing and spin-coating fabrication methods). Intensive research is being performed to develop efficient solution-processable SM-OLEDs.

Another interesting division is between Fluorescent and Phosphorescent materials. Fluorescent materials last longer (and were discovered first) but are much less efficient than Phosphorescent materials. Most people agree that the future of OLEDs (especially in large-area displays and lighting panels) lie with Phosphorescent materials, although there are still challenges in developing a long-lasing blue Phosphorescent OLED. It is possible to combine these materials though, and today Samsung for example use a red PHOLED together with Fluorescent green and blue. Universal Display Corporation is pioneering PHOLED research, holding basic patents in this area.

The two major challenges facing the OLED industry is the lifetime of the panels (OLED panels still lag behind plasma and LCD displays) and production scaling beyond Gen-5.5.

Today OLED displays are used mainly in small (2" to 5") displays for mobile devices such as phones, cameras and MP3 players. OLED displays carry a price premium over LCDs, but offer brighter pictures and better power efficiency - making it ideal for battery powered gadgets.

Making larger OLEDs is possible, but difficult and expensive. There are some OLED TVs available, but these are expensive. Sony has announced the XEL-1 11quot; OLED TV back in 2007 - at about $2,500 (they aren't producing it anymore and now focus on professional OLED monitors). LG is also offering an OLED TV (the 15" EL9500) which is also expensive and isn't being mass produced. Mass production of price-competitive OLED TV sets will probably begin towards the end of 2012 or early 2013.

In the OLED lighting market, several companies (such as Philips, OSRAM and Lumiotec) are already shipping OLED panels, but these are small and very expensive, mostly used in premium lighting fixtures and as experimental design kits.

In the future, companies will be able to produce flexible and transparent OLED panels. This will open up a whole world of exciting applications, such as:

ITRI 4.1 Flexible AMOLED prototype

Flexible OLEDs require that the entire device is flexible - including the electronics and the encapsulation layer. Several companies are working on this technology, using either plastic or metal based displays (it's also possible to use very thin flexible glass). Transparent OLEDs are also difficult to make, although these are already in production: since May 2011 TDK are mass producing transparent PMOLED displays for mobile phones and other applications.

RenderPartial vs RenderAction vs Partial vs Action in MVC Razor

There are different ways for rendering a partial view in MVC Razor. Many developers got confused whether to use RenderPartial or RenderAction or Partial or Action helper methods for rendering a partial view

Html.RenderPartial

1. This method result will be directly written to the HTTP response stream means it used the same TextWriter object as used in the current webpage/template.
2. This method returns void.
3. Simple to use and no need to create any action.
4. RenderPartial method is useful used when the displaying data in the partial view is already in the corresponding view model.For example : In a blog to show comments of an article, we would like to use RenderPartial method since an article information with comments are already populated in the view model.

1.  @{Html.RenderPartial("_Comments");}

5. This method is faster than Partial method since its result is directly written to the response stream which makes it fast.

Html.RenderAction

1. This method result will be directly written to the HTTP response stream means it used the same TextWriter object as used in the current webpage/template.
2. For this method, we need to create a child action for the rendering the partial view.
3. RenderAction method is useful when the displaying data in the partial view is independent from corresponding view model.For example : In a blog to show category list on each and every page, we would like to use RenderAction method since the list of category is populated by the different model.

1.  @{Html.RenderAction("Category","Home");}

4. This method is the best choice when you want to cache a partial view.
5. This method is faster than Action method since its result is directly written to the HTTP response stream which makes it fast.

Html.Partial

1. Renders the partial view as an HTML-encoded string.
2. This method result can be stored in a variable, since it returns string type value.
3. Simple to use and no need to create any action.
4. Partial method is useful used when the displaying data in the partial view is already in the corresponding view model.For example : In a blog to show comments of an article, we would like to use RenderPartial method since an article information with comments are already populated in the view model.

1.  @Html.Partial("_Comments")

Html.Action

1. Renders the partial view as an HtmlString .
2. For this method, we need to create a child action for the rendering the partial view.
3. This method result can be stored in a variable, since it returns string type value.
4. Action method is useful when the displaying data in the partial view is independent from corresponding view model.For example : In a blog to show category list on each and every page, we would like to use Action method since the list of category is populated by the different model.

1.  @{Html.Action("Category","Home");}

5. This method is also the best choice when you want to cache a partial view.

How Bikes work

The understanding of the different Bike mechanism is an important aspect for a rider to be more familiar with the bike and get adjusting to the different aspect of the Bike.

Lets Look at the different mechanism of a Bike :
1. Working of Engine and Valve :

The are two types of engine commonly used in Motorbikes. They are Two Stroke Engine and Four stroke Engine.

Both the Engines comes under the banner of “Internal Combustion (IC) Engine”. In the two stroke engine, the working cycle is completed in two strokes of tyhe piston or one revolution of the crankshaft. This is achieved by carrying out the suction and compression processes in one stroke (or more precisely in inward stroke), expansion and exhaust prrocess in the second stroke (or more precisely in outward stroke).

In a four stroke engine, the working cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft. This is achieved by carrying out suction, compression, expansion and exhaust processes in each stroke. The four stroke Petrol Engine Cycle also known as Otto Cycle requires four strokes of operation in the engine cylinder. The four strokes of a petrol engine sucking fuel-air mixture (petrol mixed with proportionate quantity of air in the carburettor known as charge) are described below.

    * Suction or Charge Stroke : In this stroke, the inlet valve opens and pure air is sucked into the cylinder as piston moves downwards from the Top dead centre (TDC). It continues till the piston reaches its Bottom dead centre (BDC).
    * Compression Stroke : In this stroke, both the valves are closed and the air is compressed as the piston moves upwards from the BDC to TDC. As a result of compression, pressure and temperature of the air increases considerably. This compleytes one revolution of the crank shaft.
    * Expansion or Working Stroke : Shortly after the piston reaches the TDC (during the compression stroke), fuel oil is injected in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder, through the nozzle, known as fuel injection valve. At this moment, temperature of the compressed air is sufficiently high to ignite the fuel. It suddenly increases the pressure and temperature of the products of combustion. The fuel oil continuously injected for a fraction of the revolution. The fuel oil is assumed to be burnt at constant pressure. Due to increased pressure, the piston is pushed down with a great force. The hot burnt gases expand due to high speed of the piston. During this expansion, some of the heat energy is transformed into mechanical work. It may be noted that during this working stroke, both the valves are closed and the piston moves from TDC to BDC.
    * Exhaust Stroke : In this stroke, the exhaust valve is open as the piston moves from BDC to TDC. This movement of the piston pushes out the products of the combustion from the engine cylinder through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. Thjis completes the cycle and the engine cylinder is ready to suck the fresh air again.

It will be interesting to know that from the thermodynamic point of view, there is no difference between two-stroke and four-stroke cycle engine. The difference is purely mechanical.

Today all the major IC Engines of the world are running on the four stroke cycle.
2. The Transmission :
The engine converts the explosive energy to mechanical energy, through the reciprocating motion to rotary motion. The power developed from rotary motion is controlled by various systems in a bike. This system is known as the Transmission.The Transmission consists of the clutch, gear-box & final-drive chain all the way upto the to driving wheel.

The clutch is a very important “Link” in the transmission of the bike. Its primary use is to allow the rider to engage and disengage the engine from the wheels. It also takes up most of the load and vibrations from the engine and does not allow it to pass onto the rest of the transmission.

After the clutch comes the gear-box. As the name suggests, a box having set of gears. It allows the rider to use the optimum amount of power from the engine as and how required. The main function of the gear-box is to reduce strain on the engine by supplying efficient power at required time. For Instance, the first gear is lowest and most sensitive gear, which helps in moving of a stationary bike without putting excessive load on the engine. On the other hand use of second gear requires relatively more acceleration and gives more strain on the engine and clutch. A lower gear serves two purposes. They serve as brake and also improve acceleration when required. For instance, while going downhill on a lower gear provides “Braking Power” and during uphill provides extra power.

The power transmission is by means of two chains. The primary chain is enclosed in the clutch case on the L.H.S. of the bike and runs in an oil-bath. The final or drive chain connects the gear-box to the drive-sprocket of the rear wheel. The drive-sprocket is coupled with the brake drum, which in turn is fit into the rear hub. There are 4 rubber blocks fitted between the drive-sprocket/brake-drum and the hub of the rear wheel, which act as efficient dampers, absorbing practically all the shocks of power and transmission units and have a very favorable influence on the life of chain as well as vital engine parts.

3. The Electricals :
The main components of an electrical system in the bike are the Battery, Alternator/Dynamo/ Generator/Magneto and Ignition/High-Tension Coil(s). The main function of the system is to provide ignition in the form of a spark to the compressed air+fuel mixture in the cylinder. A battery provides either 6 volts or 12 volts current. But a voltage thousands times higher is needed to create a spark from the spark plug, which can ignite the air+fuel mixture. It’s the high tension coil (Ignition coil) which boosts low voltage current of the battery and provides upto 30,000 volts to the spark plug. A small spark is generated at the distributor, which is converted to a high voltage current, which flows to the spark plug and finally ignites the air+fuel mixture. A contact breaker and rotor, inside the distributor, ensure correct sequence of current to the plug while a condenser attached to the contact breaker serves as a capacitor that minimizes the damage to the contact breaker.Another part, which is at the heart of the electrical system is the Alternator/Dynamo/Generator/ Magneto. This provides a charge to the battery by generating a current. As the generator output increases with the engine speed a control unit (Cut-out/Regulator) is provided to regulate the output. This unit prevents the damage to the generator unit and protects the battery from over charging/discharging. The stored energy of battery is used for different purposes such as: ignition, horn, lights etc….

To retain the standard energy of the battery it needs periodical maintenance like check up of specific gravity, cleaning of terminals, applying a thin film of petroleum jelly or pure Vaseline (not grease) to keep terminals and connections from corrosion and sulphation etc…
4. Brakes :
There are two different types of brakes used in bikes, namely: Drum Brakes & Disk Brakes.The Drum Brake has an aluminum/steel/iron drum to which the wheel is attached. The drum and wheel rotate together. The brake shoe plate is bolted on to the chassis and inside the drum lie the brake shoes, which have brake liners on them. The brake liners are either riveted or moulded onto the brake shoes.

When the brake pedal is depressed, a cam (placed between the brake shoes) rotates such that the brake shoes move towards the drum. When the brake shoes grip the rotating drum, the rotating wheel locks/stops.

The Disk Brake has a metal disk instead of a drum fitted to the wheel and the calipers are bolted on to the chassis/shock-absorber pipe. The calipers have pistons and brake pads. The disk brake has to be operated hydraulically. The brake fluid and the actuating cylinder (brake-oil sump) are fitted on the handle bar of the bike. When the brake lever is pressed a non return brake valve operates and sends the brake fluids to the caliper and the piston, the caliper operates thereby forcing the brake pads to move towards the disk and produce the friction which allows you to slow down or stop.

The usual arrangement on a good bike is front disk brake and rear drum brake.


5. Suspension System :
The Front suspension consists of a telescopic fork with hydraulic dampers. It is the straight slider type with two cylindrical coil springs. Steel cover tubes protect the suspension elements.The rear suspension operates on a circular path. The pivoted rear swing arm is sprung by two cylindrical coil springs and fitted with hydraulic dampers. The suspension dampers are protected by chromium plated steel covers.

6. The Wheels and Tyres :
The Tyres have two functions. First, they are air-filled cushions that absorb most of the shocks caused by riding on bad roads. Therefore they reduce the effect of the shocks. Second, the tyres grip the road to provide good traction; Good traction enables the bike to accelerate, brake and make turns without skidding.There are two types of tyres available, the inner tube type and the tubeless type.

In the inner tube type tyre, both the tube and tyre are mounted on the rim. The tube is like a hollow rubber doughnut. It is inflated with air after it is installed inside the tyre and the tyre is put on the wheel rim. The inflation causes the tyre to resist any change of shape.

The tubeless type tyre does not have an inner tube. Instead, the tubeless tire is directly mounted on the wheel rim so that the air is retained between the rim and the tyre.